Insights
Notes to help you understand your deed
Plain explanations of the deeds people ask about most, with the rules behind them. General information, not legal advice for your situation.
Start hereAuthentic Deeds and Private Documents in Indonesia: What Is the DifferenceAn authentic deed is made by or before a public official such as a notary or PPAT; a private document is signed by the parties alone. The key difference is evidential force.Read the article →APHT and SKMHT: The Mortgage over Land When You Take a Home Loan in IndonesiaThe APHT is the PPAT deed that places a mortgage (hak tanggungan) on a home as security for a loan. When it cannot be made yet, the owner signs an SKMHT. Time limits, registration and roya.Dividing Inherited Land in Indonesia with an APHBAn APHB is the PPAT deed that divides jointly held land, such as inherited land, among the holders. When it is used, the steps, the taxes, and what to do about minors or heirs abroad.PPJB and AJB: The Difference and When Each Is UsedA PPJB is a preliminary agreement binding seller and buyer; an AJB is the PPAT deed used to register the transfer. The differences, the risks, and when a PPJB is used.Electronic Land Certificates: What Changes for OwnersThe electronic land certificate replaces the paper one when a land registration service takes place, while paper certificates remain valid. What changes for owners, buyers and heirs.AJB for Land and Buildings: Requirements, Process and TaxesThe requirements for an AJB, the seller's and buyer's documents, how PPh and BPHTB are calculated, and the steps from the certificate check to the transfer of name at the Land Office.Gifting Land and Buildings to a Child in Indonesia: Requirements and TaxesA gift of land to a child is made by a deed of gift before a PPAT while the giver is alive. The requirements, the limits set by other heirs' shares, and the income tax and BPHTB rules.Making a Will Before a Notary in Indonesia: Types and ProcedureMost notarial wills in Indonesia are public-deed wills read and signed before two witnesses. The three forms, the limits on what a will can say, and reporting to the Central Register of Wills.Marriage Agreements Before and After the WeddingA marriage agreement can now be made before, at, or during the marriage. What it can cover, how it is made before a notary, and why it needs to be registered.Certificate of Inheritance: Who Makes It and What Documents Are NeededA certificate of inheritance proves who a person's heirs are. The six forms accepted for land registration, the roles of notaries, Religious Courts and the BHP, and the documents needed.Setting Up a PT PMA in Indonesia: Capital, KBLI and DocumentsA PT PMA follows the rules for an ordinary PT, plus three: an open business line, investment above Rp10 billion per activity per location, and paid-up capital of at least Rp2.5 billion.Foundation or Association in Indonesia: Differences and How to Establish OneA yayasan (foundation) rests on assets set aside by its founders and has no members; a perkumpulan (association) rests on its members. Both are non-profit and established by notarial deed.Amending a PT's Articles of Association: Approval or NotificationAmendments to a PT's articles are decided by the RUPS, set out in a notarial deed, then submitted to the Minister of Law for approval or notification within 30 days.Sole-Proprietor PT or Ordinary PT: Which One FitsA PT perorangan is set up by one Indonesian citizen for a micro or small business without a notarial deed; an ordinary PT needs two founders and a notarial deed. Differences and how to convert.RUPS: When to Hold One and When a Notarial Deed Is NeededThe annual RUPS must be held within six months after the financial year ends. Notice, quorum, circular resolutions, and which RUPS resolutions must be set out in a notarial deed.Setting Up a PT in Indonesia: Requirements and ProcessRequirements for an ordinary PT: two founders, a notarial deed, 25 per cent of capital paid up, and ratification by the Minister of Law. The steps, the documents, and the first obligations.Apostille: Preparing Indonesian Documents for Use AbroadAn apostille certifies the official's signature, stamp and seal on an Indonesian public document for use in Convention countries. Which documents qualify, the steps, and what it does not cover.Notarial Legalisation, Waarmerking and Copie Collationnée in IndonesiaLegalisation certifies signatures made before a notary; waarmerking registers a document already signed; copie collationnée certifies a copy. None of them turns a document into an authentic deed.
